{"id":13271,"date":"2013-11-13T00:14:29","date_gmt":"2013-11-12T20:14:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.zerdab.com\/?p=13271"},"modified":"2013-11-13T10:06:55","modified_gmt":"2013-11-13T06:06:55","slug":"h%c9%99s%c9%99n-b%c9%99y-z%c9%99rdabi-aqrar-elml%c9%99rin-banisi-%c9%99kincilik-m%c9%99d%c9%99niyy%c9%99tinin-yaradicisidir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zerdab.com\/?p=13271","title":{"rendered":"H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi Az\u0259rbaycanda aqrar elml\u0259rin banisidir"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Eld\u0259niz<\/a>
Eld\u0259niz H\u0259s\u0259nov, K\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 \u00fczr\u0259 f\u0259ls\u0259f\u0259 doktoru, Beyn\u0259lxalq Ekoenergetika Akademiyas\u0131n\u0131n ekologiya \u00fczr\u0259 professoru, Z\u0259rdabi\u015f\u00fcnas, Az\u0259rbaycan Jurnalistl\u0259r Birliyinin \u00fczv\u00fc.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi Az\u0259rbaycanda aqrar elml\u0259rin banisi, \u0259kin\u00e7ilik m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin yarad\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

Dahi m\u00fct\u0259f\u0259kkir, \u00e7oxsah\u0259li v\u0259 \u00e7ox\u015fax\u0259li elmi bilik sahibi olmu\u015f H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanda bir \u00e7ox elml\u0259rin \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 qoymu\u015fdur. Onun xalq\u0131n\u0131n, mill\u0259tinin t\u0259r\u0259qqisi yolunda elmi, n\u0259z\u0259ri, t\u0259cr\u00fcbi i\u015fl\u0259ri, ideyalar\u0131, t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015f oldu\u011fu xidm\u0259tl\u0259r h\u0259r bir Az\u0259rbaycan ziyal\u0131s\u0131na yax\u015f\u0131 m\u0259lumdur. H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259yin v\u0259 eyni zamanda, onun ail\u0259 \u00fczvl\u0259rinin g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015f oldu\u011fu xidm\u0259tl\u0259r bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 \u00f6z aktuall\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 m\u00fcst\u0259qil Az\u0259rbaycan Respublikas\u0131nda u\u011furla h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259kd\u0259dir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabinin \u00e7oxsah\u0259li f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti, \u00e7ox\u015fax\u0259li elmi bilik sahibi olmas\u0131 respublika aliml\u0259rinin v\u0259 ziyal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n diqq\u0259tini c\u0259lb etmi\u015f, 1944-c\u00fc ild\u0259n ba\u015flayaraq ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 onun f\u0259ls\u0259fi, siyasi, h\u00fcquqi, iqtisadi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259ri, materialist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnc\u0259 t\u0259rzi, co\u011frafi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259ri, demokratl\u0131\u011f\u0131, m\u0259d\u0259ni h\u0259yat\u0131m\u0131zda rolu, jurnalistliyi v\u0259 \u00e7ox\u015fax\u0259li elmi f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6lk\u0259nin tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f alim v\u0259 ziyal\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara dair bir \u00e7ox d\u0259y\u0259rli elmi m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259ri v\u0259 qiym\u0259tli elmi-t\u0259dqiqat \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri i\u015f\u0131q \u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabinin bu g\u00fcn\u0259d\u0259k 40-dan \u00e7ox t\u0259dqiqat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015f, onun h\u0259yat v\u0259 yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u00e7ox namiz\u0259dlik v\u0259 doktorluq dissertasiyalar\u0131 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur. Lakin qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, obyektiv v\u0259 subyektiv s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rd\u0259n H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi irsi, x\u00fcsusil\u0259, aqrar elml\u0259r-\u0259kin\u00e7ilik, bitki\u00e7ilik, torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q, aqrokimya, yerqurulu\u015fu sah\u0259sind\u0259ki f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti bu g\u00fcn\u0259 kimi m\u00fck\u0259mm\u0259l ara\u015fd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131b t\u0259dqiq edilm\u0259mi\u015fdir. K\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf etdirilm\u0259si il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar 1875-1877-ci ill\u0259r \u0259rzind\u0259 H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabinin d\u0259rc etdiyi elmi-t\u0259cr\u00fcbi i\u015fl\u0259r v\u0259 bir s\u0131ra m\u00fc\u0259llifl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n yaz\u0131lan t\u0259dqiqat \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259ri, onun k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn sah\u0259l\u0259rini d\u0259rind\u0259n t\u0259hlil ed\u0259n ensiklopedik biliy\u0259 malik alim oldu\u011funu bir daha t\u0259sdiq edir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi t\u0259kc\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanda t\u0259bi\u0259t\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q, torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q, \u0259kin\u00e7ilik, aqrokimya, bitki\u00e7ilik, meyv\u0259\u00e7ilik v\u0259 dig\u0259r elml\u0259rin deyil, eyni zamanda, bu elml\u0259rl\u0259 s\u0131x \u0259laq\u0259d\u0259 inki\u015faf ed\u0259n yerqurulu\u015fu elminin d\u0259 banisidir. Lakin \u00e7ox t\u0259\u0259ss\u00fcf hissi il\u0259 qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, 1865-ci ild\u0259n ilk \u0259m\u0259k f\u0259aliyy\u0259tin\u0259 Tiflisd\u0259 \u201cMejavaya Palata\u201d \u0130dar\u0259sind\u0259 yerqurulu\u015f\u00e7usu-torpaq islahat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 kimi ba\u015flayan H.Z\u0259rdabinin bu sah\u0259d\u0259ki tarixi xidm\u0259tl\u0259ri t\u0259dqiq olunmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Onun aqrar elml\u0259rin v\u0259 \u0259kin\u00e7ilik m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin banisi <\/i><\/b>olmas\u0131n\u0131n tarixi reall\u0131qlar\u0131 bar\u0259d\u0259 apar\u0131lan t\u0259dqiqatlar\u0131n\u0131, elmi, h\u00fcquqi v\u0259 t\u0259cr\u00fcbi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rini az da olsa i\u015f\u0131qland\u0131r\u0131lma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f\u0131q.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ar m\u0259murlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259d\u0259-qorxular\u0131na m\u0259h\u0259l qoymayan Z\u0259rdabi b\u0259yl\u0259rin, m\u00fclk\u0259darlar\u0131n \u0259sar\u0259ti alt\u0131nda acl\u0131q v\u0259 yoxsulluqdan \u0259zab \u00e7\u0259k\u0259n insanlar\u0131n ac\u0131nacaql\u0131 hal\u0131na d\u00f6zm\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zeti vasit\u0259sil\u0259 onlar\u0131 \u00f6z h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcdafi\u0259 etm\u0259y\u0259, azadl\u0131qlar\u0131 v\u0259 xo\u015fb\u0259xt g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259kl\u0259ri u\u011frunda m\u00fcbariz\u0259y\u0259 s\u0259sl\u0259yirdi.<\/p>\n

O, \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zetinin 1876-c\u0131 ild\u0259ki sonuncu say\u0131nda yaz\u0131rd\u0131: \u201cNiy\u0259 taq\u0259timizi k\u0259sirsiniz, niy\u0259 h\u0259v\u0259simizi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz? Niy\u0259 macal vermirsiniz dilini, sirrini bildiyimiz torpa\u011f\u0131 \u0259zizl\u0259y\u0259k, ox\u015fayaq, \u0259v\u0259zind\u0259 ondan geyim, yem\u0259k, ba\u015fucal\u0131\u011f\u0131 alaq? Vallah-billah, torpaq onun dilini bil\u0259nindir. Bizim torpaq-Bizimdir!\u201d. <\/i>V\u0259 yaxud da \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201dnin 3-c\u00fc say\u0131nda yaz\u0131rd\u0131: \u201cNec\u0259 ki, lal yavrunun dilini anas\u0131 bil\u0259r, torpa\u011f\u0131n da q\u0259dir-qiym\u0259tini d\u0259rk ed\u0259nl\u0259r anlayar\u201d.<\/i><\/p>\n

B\u0259li, v\u0259t\u0259nini, torpa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ana m\u0259h\u0259bb\u0259tind\u0259n bel\u0259 \u00fcst\u00fcn tutan H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi mill\u0259tinin xo\u015fb\u0259xtliyini, xo\u015f g\u0259l\u0259c\u0259yini ana torpa\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131qda g\u00f6r\u00fcr v\u0259 insanlar\u0131 torpa\u011f\u0131n q\u0259drini bilm\u0259y\u0259, ondan do\u011fru, d\u00fczg\u00fcn, s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li istifad\u0259 etm\u0259y\u0259 s\u0259sl\u0259yir. H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zetinin dig\u0259r bir n\u00f6mr\u0259sind\u0259 yaz\u0131rd\u0131: \u201cInsan! Atadan, anadan k\u00fcs\u0259r, amma torpaqdan incim\u0259z, ona bivec m\u00fcnasib\u0259t b\u0259sl\u0259m\u0259z. \u00c7\u00fcnki s\u00fcm\u00fcy\u00fc onun i\u00e7ind\u0259, qoynunda dinclik tapacaq\u201d.<\/p>\n

H.Z\u0259rdabi \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zeti vasit\u0259sil\u0259 k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131nda bir \u00e7ox m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, torpa\u011f\u0131n elmi qaydada \u0259kilib-bec\u0259rilm\u0259si, ondan daha s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259si haqq\u0131nda bir \u00e7ox izahlar v\u0259 \u015f\u0259rhl\u0259r vermi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Torpa\u011f\u0131n m\u0259hsuldarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, torpa\u011f\u0131n keyfiyy\u0259tini, m\u0259hsuldarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 m\u00fcnbitliyini t\u0259yin etm\u0259yin, yarars\u0131z torpaqlar\u0131n yararl\u0131 hala sal\u0131naraq k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 d\u00f6vriyy\u0259sin\u0259 c\u0259lb olunmas\u0131 yollar\u0131n\u0131, qaydalar\u0131n\u0131 elmi \u0259saslarla k\u0259ndlil\u0259r\u0259 ba\u015fa sal\u0131r v\u0259 bunun \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn birinci n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 kompleks torpaq-yerqurulu\u015fu t\u0259dbirl\u0259rinin h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259sini t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edirdi. Bu d\u00f6vrd\u0259 H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi tam \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 \u0259kin\u00e7ilik, bitki\u00e7ilik, meyv\u0259\u00e7ilik, torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q v\u0259 aqrokimya elml\u0259rinin n\u0259z\u0259ri v\u0259 t\u0259cr\u00fcbi m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rini k\u00fctl\u0259l\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131r v\u0259 kompleks torpaq yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin t\u0259tbiqi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlarla yana\u015f\u0131, H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y o d\u00f6vrd\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131n\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131nda, torpaqlar\u0131n \u0259kilib-bec\u0259rilm\u0259sind\u0259, m\u0259hsulun y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131nda, istehsal\u0131nda, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259, m\u00fcst\u0259qil s\u0259naye sah\u0259l\u0259rinin yarad\u0131lmas\u0131nda v\u0259 inki\u015faf etdirilm\u0259sind\u0259 ma\u015f\u0131n- mexanizml\u0259rin, texnika v\u0259 texnologiyalar\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 t\u0259tbiqinin b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259n, d\u00fcnya \u00f6lk\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 yaranan texniki yenilikl\u0259rin \u00f6z \u00f6lk\u0259sind\u0259 d\u0259 h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259si z\u0259rur\u0259tind\u0259n s\u00f6hb\u0259t a\u00e7\u0131r, \u00f6z xalq\u0131n\u0131 bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259rin vacibliyin\u0259 inand\u0131r\u0131r, h\u0259min sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 milli m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssis kadrlar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0259kirdi.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1880-1896-c\u0131 ill\u0259r \u0259rzind\u0259 \u0259kin\u00e7ilik v\u0259 bitki\u00e7ilikl\u0259 m\u0259\u015f\u011ful olmu\u015f, torpaqdan s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li istifad\u0259 yollar\u0131n\u0131 xalq\u0131na ba\u015fa salm\u0131\u015f, t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259l\u0259r qoymu\u015f, yeni meyv\u0259 \u00e7e\u015fidl\u0259ri yeti\u015fdirmi\u015f, m\u00fcxt\u0259lif k\u0259nd t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131 m\u0259hsullar\u0131 istehsal etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

H.Z\u0259rdabi h\u0259l\u0259 r\u0259smi olaraq Tiflisd\u0259 torpaq idar\u0259sind\u0259 bir yerqurulu\u015fu m\u00fct\u0259x\u0259ssisi kimi f\u0259aliyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259rk\u0259n 1861-ci ilin k\u0259ndli islahat\u0131n\u0131n, 1864-c\u00fc ilin zemstvo islahat\u0131n\u0131n m\u0259qs\u0259d v\u0259 m\u0259zmununu bil\u0259r\u0259k, bir k\u0259ndli ideoloqu olaraq, torpaq b\u00f6lg\u00fcs\u00fc i\u015finin apar\u0131lmas\u0131nda, eyni zamanda, burada \u201c8-ci mejavaya torpaq palatas\u0131\u201dnda m\u0259hk\u0259m\u0259 \u00fczv\u00fc kimi k\u0259ndlil\u0259rin m\u0259nafeyini g\u00fcdm\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 onlar\u0131n h\u00fcquqlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdafi\u0259\u00e7isi olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi do\u011fuldu\u011fu v\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 ilk ibtidai t\u0259hsil ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Z\u0259rdab k\u0259ndind\u0259 z\u0259hm\u0259tke\u015f k\u0259ndlil\u0259rin \u0259sas m\u0259\u015f\u011fuliyy\u0259tinin torpaqla ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu yax\u015f\u0131 bilirdi. O d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u00e7arizmin a\u011f\u0131r i\u015f rejimind\u0259 torpa\u011f\u0131 \u0259kib-bec\u0259rm\u0259k, m\u0259hsul yeti\u015fdirm\u0259k, halal z\u0259hm\u0259tl\u0259ri, al\u0131n t\u0259rl\u0259ri il\u0259 qazand\u0131qlar\u0131 v\u0259 \u00e7atacaq m\u0259hsulun hesab\u0131na ail\u0259l\u0259rini g\u00fccl\u0259 doland\u0131ran \u0259halinin d\u0259rdli-s\u0259rli probleml\u0259rini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259l\u0259r onu he\u00e7 vaxt rahat buraxmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Harada ya\u015famas\u0131ndan, t\u0259hsil almas\u0131ndan, i\u015fl\u0259m\u0259sind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olmayaraq, xalq\u0131n\u0131n iztirabl\u0131 h\u0259yat t\u0259rzi, \u0259sar\u0259t alt\u0131nda olmas\u0131 H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259yi daim narahat etmi\u015fdir. H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonunad\u0259k torpaqla ba\u011fl\u0131 probleml\u0259rin z\u0259hm\u0259tke\u015f k\u0259ndlil\u0259rin xeyrin\u0259 h\u0259ll olunmas\u0131 yolunda alovlu bir v\u0259t\u0259np\u0259rv\u0259r, t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259li torpaq i\u015f\u00e7isi-yerqurulu\u015f\u00e7usu olaraq b\u0259yl\u0259r\u0259, xanlara, m\u00fclk\u0259darlara qar\u015f\u0131 k\u0259skin m\u00fcbariz\u0259 aparm\u0131\u015f, xalq\u0131na m\u0259n\u0259vi dayaq olmu\u015fdur. Torpaqlar\u0131n dilini-sirrini, h\u0259r qar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n q\u0259drini bil\u0259n k\u0259ndlil\u0259r\u0259 verilm\u0259si yolunda \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck xidm\u0259tl\u0259r g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi t\u0259bi\u0259t\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q, torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q v\u0259 bu elml\u0259rl\u0259, x\u00fcsusil\u0259 yerqurulu\u015fu il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar sah\u0259l\u0259rin m\u00fch\u00fcm nailiyy\u0259tl\u0259rini \u0259sas etibar\u0131 il\u0259 1875-1877-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 redaktoru, na\u015firi, korrektoru, b\u0259z\u0259n d\u0259 m\u00fcr\u0259ttibi oldu\u011fu \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zetind\u0259 \u201c\u018fkin v\u0259 zira\u0259t x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259ri\u201d, \u201c\u018ff Ali-\u018fhli-Dehat\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131qlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u0259rc etmi\u015fdir. Z\u0259rdabinin f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti Az\u0259rbaycanda yerqurulu\u015fu, t\u0259bi\u0259t\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q, torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q, aqrokimya, \u0259kin\u00e7ilik, bitki\u00e7ilik elml\u0259rinin inki\u015faf\u0131nda ba\u015flan\u011f\u0131c m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259dir. Onun torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q elmi haqda fikirl\u0259ri \u0259sas\u0259n da\u011f s\u00fcxurlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 prosesind\u0259n, torpaq\u0259m\u0259l\u0259g\u0259tir\u0259n amill\u0259rin rolundan, torpa\u011f\u0131n \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259sind\u0259n, onun bir s\u0131ra fiziki-kimy\u0259vi x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259n, m\u00fcnbitliyinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan, torpaq analizl\u0259rinin \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tind\u0259n, yarars\u0131z torpaqlar\u0131 yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yerqurulu\u015fu v\u0259 dig\u0259r m\u00fcvafiq t\u0259dbirl\u0259r sisteminin h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259sind\u0259n, torpaq\u0259m\u0259l\u0259g\u0259lm\u0259 prosesind\u0259 insan\u0131n istehsalat f\u0259aliyy\u0259tind\u0259n v\u0259 s. ibar\u0259t olmu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycanda torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q elmin\u0259 ilk n\u0259z\u0259ri v\u0259 t\u0259cr\u00fcbi bax\u0131\u015f H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabiy\u0259 m\u0259xsusdur. O, torpa\u011f\u0131 t\u0259bi\u0259tin yaratd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0259n d\u0259y\u0259rli v\u0259 m\u00fcq\u0259dd\u0259s hadis\u0259 hesab etmi\u015fdir. Torpaq biosferin \u0259sas komponenti hesab edilir, insanlar maddi nem\u0259tl\u0259ri torpaqdan al\u0131r. H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi bir t\u0259bi\u0259t\u015f\u00fcnas, torpaq\u015f\u00fcnas alim kimi torpa\u011f\u0131 \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tir\u0259n amill\u0259ri g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir. 130 il\u0259 yax\u0131n bir d\u00f6vr\u00fcn ke\u00e7m\u0259sin\u0259 v\u0259 bu m\u00fcdd\u0259td\u0259 torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir elm kimi formala\u015fmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabinin torpaq haqda dedikl\u0259ri \u00f6z aktuall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 itirm\u0259mi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Rus torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q elminin banisi hesab ed\u0131l\u0259n V.V.Doku\u00e7ayevd\u0259n \u0259vv\u0259l torpaq elmi haqda H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi f\u0131kir s\u00f6yl\u0259mi\u015fdir. M\u0259lum oldu\u011fu kimi, rus torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q elminin banisi hesab edil\u0259n V.V.Doku\u00e7ayev torpa\u011f\u0131n \u0259m\u0259l\u0259g\u0259lm\u0259si haqq\u0131ndak\u0131 qiym\u0259tli f\u0131kirl\u0259rini 1883-c\u00fc ild\u0259 \u201cRus qaratorpa\u011f\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 s\u00f6yl\u0259mi\u015fdir. O, 1885-ci ild\u0259 yaz\u0131rd\u0131 ki, \u201c… torpaq a) ana s\u00fcxurlar\u0131n, b) yerli bitki v\u0259 canl\u0131 orqanizml\u0259rin, v) yerli iqlimin, q) \u0259razinin relyefinin v\u0259 d) \u0259razinin ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131n birg\u0259 f\u0259aliyy\u0259tinin n\u0259tic\u0259sidir\u201d.<\/p>\n

Doku\u00e7ayevin g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyi torpaq\u0259m\u0259l\u0259g\u0259tir\u0259n amill\u0259r\u0259 sonradan V.P.Vilyams t\u0259r\u0259f\u0131nd\u0259n insan\u0131n t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat f\u0259aliyy\u0259ti d\u0259 \u0259lav\u0259 olunmu\u015fdur. Qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, V.V.Doku\u00e7ayevd\u0259n 8 il \u0259vv\u0259l, h\u0259l\u0259 1875-1876-c\u0131 ill\u0259rd\u0259 H.Z\u0259rdabi torpa\u011f\u0131n \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259sini izah etmi\u015f v\u0259 bu prosesd\u0259 d\u00f6rd amilin: a) ana s\u00fcxurun, b) bitki v\u0259 canl\u0131 orqanizml\u0259rin, v) iqlimin v\u0259 q) insan\u0131n t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat f\u0259aliyy\u0259tinin rolunu g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi ilk d\u0259f\u0259 torpaq t\u0259snifat\u0131 haqda fikir s\u00f6yl\u0259y\u0259r\u0259k, torpaqlar\u0131 mexaniki t\u0259rkibin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 \u00fc\u00e7 qrupa (qum, gil v\u0259 \u0259h\u0259ng adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 karbonatl\u0131 birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259r) b\u00f6lm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr. G\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi, H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi d\u00f6vr\u00fcn m\u0259\u015fhur rus torpaq\u015f\u00fcnas aliml\u0259ri olan N.M.Sibritsevd\u0259n v\u0259 N.A.Ka\u00e7inskid\u0259n xeyli \u0259vv\u0259l mexaniki t\u0259rkibin\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259 torpaqlar\u0131n t\u0259snifat\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

O, torpaqlar\u0131n meliorasiyas\u0131na, eroziyas\u0131na, bec\u0259rilm\u0259sin\u0259, m\u00fcnbitliyinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na, s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li istifad\u0259sin\u0259, me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin sal\u0131nmas\u0131na b\u00f6y\u00fck diqq\u0259t yetirirdi. Lakin Z\u0259rdabi birinci n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 burada torpaqlar\u0131n eroziyas\u0131nda, m\u00fcnbitliyinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda, me\u015f\u0259qurulu\u015fu i\u015fl\u0259rinin apar\u0131lmas\u0131nda, torpaqdan s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li istifad\u0259 olunmas\u0131nda yerqurulu\u015fu t\u0259dbiri\u0259ri sisteminin t\u0259tbiqinin \u00f6n planda oldu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir. Onun bu sah\u0259d\u0259ki elmi n\u0259z\u0259riyy\u0259l\u0259ri indi d\u0259 \u00f6z aktuall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini itirm\u0259mi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi torpaq eroziyas\u0131ndan dan\u0131\u015fark\u0259n onlar\u0131n qorunmas\u0131 yollar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir. Qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, dinamik proses olan eroziya respublikan\u0131n da\u011f v\u0259 da\u011f\u0259t\u0259yi, el\u0259c\u0259 d\u0259 d\u00fcz\u0259n zonalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Torpa\u011f\u0131n m\u0259hsuldarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 il\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015fumun hans\u0131 qaydada v\u0259 n\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259r d\u0259rinlikd\u0259 apar\u0131lmasm\u0131 Z\u0259rdabi \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zeti vasit\u0259sil\u0259 k\u0259ndlil\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. H\u0259m\u00e7inin yeni yerqurulu\u015fu t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin\u0259 v\u0259 yeni inki\u015faf m\u0259rh\u0259l\u0259sin\u0259 q\u0259d\u0259m qoyan torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q, aqrobiologiya, aqrok\u0131mya, aqrotexnika elml\u0259rinin naliyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin praktiki t\u0259tbiqi i\u015fl\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259saslanaraq, torpaqlardan nec\u0259 v\u0259 hans\u0131 yollar il\u0259 daha s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li v\u0259 d\u00fczg\u00fcn istifad\u0259 olunmas\u0131 haqq\u0131nda t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r verirdi.<\/p>\n

Qeyd ed\u0259k ki, ilk universitet t\u0259hsili alan az\u0259rbaycanl\u0131, fitri istedad sahibi, \u00e7ox\u015fax\u0259li elmi biliy\u0259 malik d\u00fcnya \u015f\u00f6hr\u0259tli alim, mill\u0259t f\u0259daisi H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi 1875-1877-ci ill\u0259rd\u0259 \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zetind\u0259ki v\u0259 1899-1903-c\u00fc ill\u0259rd\u0259 yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cTorpaq, su v\u0259 hava\u201d \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259ki elmi fikirl\u0259ril\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanda t\u0259bi\u0259t\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q, torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q, aqrokimya v\u0259 dig\u0259r aqrar elml\u0259rl\u0259 ba\u011fl\u0131 olan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yerqurulu\u015fu elminin t\u0259m\u0259lini qoymu\u015fdur.<\/p>\n

Burada onu da diqq\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7att\u0131rmaq ist\u0259rdik ki, H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabinin \u201cTorpaq, su v\u0259 hava\u201d \u0259s\u0259ri ilk d\u0259f\u0259 ayr\u0131-ayr\u0131 m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259r \u015f\u0259klind\u0259, m\u00fc\u0259llif t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n \u201cH\u0259yat\u201d q\u0259zetinin 1905-ci il 11, 14, 18, 21, 25, 30, 35, 38, 54, 72, 76, 79-cu n\u00f6mr\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 d\u0259rc olunmu\u015fdur. 1907-ci ild\u0259 H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259yin v\u0259fat\u0131ndan sonra Yusif b\u0259y V\u0259zirov (\u00c7\u0259m\u0259nz\u0259minli) t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n r\u0259hb\u0259rlik edil\u0259n Kiyev islam t\u0259l\u0259b\u0259l\u0259rinin n\u0259\u015friyyat hey\u0259ti \u0130sa b\u0259y A\u015furb\u0259yovun \u201cKaspi\u201d m\u0259tb\u0259\u0259sind\u0259 bu m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259rin bir qismini toplay\u0131b \u00e7ap etdirmi\u015fdir. 1912-ci ild\u0259 h\u0259min hey\u0259t, \u0259s\u0259ri \u201c\u2116 2\u201d <\/i>i\u015far\u0259si alt\u0131nda ikinci d\u0259f\u0259 \u00e7ap etmi\u015fdir. Lakin bu \u0259s\u0259r t\u0259rtib edilib i\u015f\u0131q \u00fcz\u00fc g\u00f6r\u0259rk\u0259n h\u0259m 1907-ci il, h\u0259m d\u0259 1912-ci il n\u00fcsx\u0259l\u0259rinin b\u0259zi hiss\u0259l\u0259ri n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n qa\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu \u00e7apda Z\u0259rdabinin \u00f6z sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ap etdirdiyi m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259sas g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 burax\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, a\u015fkar olunmam\u0131\u015f v\u0259 n\u0259z\u0259rd\u0259n qa\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hiss\u0259l\u0259ri orijinalda oldu\u011fu kimi b\u0259rpa edilmi\u015fdir.<\/i><\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi torpa\u011f\u0131n m\u0259hsuldarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0259kin yerl\u0259rinin daha q\u00fcvv\u0259tli olmas\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 torpa\u011fa yeml\u0259m\u0259-k\u00fcbr\u0259 verilm\u0259sinin \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini v\u0259 onun t\u0259tbiqi \u00fcsullar\u0131n\u0131 \u0259haliy\u0259 ba\u015fa sal\u0131r, bununla da s\u00fcni m\u00fcnbitlik yaratmaqla torpaqdan s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li istifad\u0259 etm\u0259yin yeni yollar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi. Eyni zamanda, H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi torpa\u011f\u0131n m\u00fcnbitliyinin t\u0259min edilm\u0259si v\u0259 b\u0259rpas\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 istifad\u0259 edil\u0259n k\u00fcbr\u0259l\u0259rin haz\u0131rlanma v\u0259 t\u0259tbiqi qaydalar\u0131 haqq\u0131nda da xalq\u0131na d\u0259y\u0259rli t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r vermi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

O, h\u0259l\u0259 \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zetinin 20 sentyabr 1875-ci il tarixli, be\u015finci n\u00f6mr\u0259sind\u0259 \u201c\u018fkin v\u0259 zira\u0259t x\u0259b\u0259rl\u0259ri\u201d b\u00f6lm\u0259sind\u0259 torpa\u011fa ilb\u0259il eyni bitki \u0259kildiyind\u0259n torpa\u011f\u0131n g\u00fccd\u0259n d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259si, az m\u0259hsul verm\u0259si s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rini, bir \u0259kinin dig\u0259r \u0259kinl\u0259 \u0259v\u0259z olunmas\u0131n\u0131, \u0259kil\u0259c\u0259k bitkiy\u0259 t\u0259l\u0259b olunan qida madd\u0259l\u0259rinin verilm\u0259sinin z\u0259ruriliyini v\u0259 bununla da n\u00f6vb\u0259li \u0259kin sisteminin t\u0259tbiqinin vacibliyini g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259r\u0259k yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r: \u201cBir yerd\u0259 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 il dalbadal \u0259kin \u0259kil\u0259nd\u0259 zikr olan otlara x\u00f6r\u0259k olan \u015feyl\u0259rin q\u0259d\u0259ri azald\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u0259kin d\u0259 ilb\u0259il az b\u0259hr\u0259 verir. Ona bina\u0259n bel\u0259 yer\u0259 gen\u0259 m\u0259rkur \u015feyl\u0259ri qar\u0131\u015fd\u0131rmaq g\u0259r\u0259k ki, \u0259kin ir\u0259liki kimi b\u0259hr\u0259 versin. V\u0259 bir d\u0259 h\u0259r heyvan bir qisim x\u00f6r\u0259k yem\u0259y\u0259n kimi, h\u0259r \u0259kinin d\u0259 \u00f6z x\u00f6r\u0259yi var. M\u0259s\u0259l\u0259n, bir yerd\u0259 k\u00fcnc\u00fcd bir ne\u00e7\u0259 il dalbadal \u0259kils\u0259, o yerin k\u00fcnc\u00fcd\u0259 laz\u0131m olan x\u00f6r\u0259yi azald\u0131\u011f\u0131na orada k\u00fcnc\u00fcd az b\u0259hr\u0259 g\u0259tirir. Ona bina\u0259n o yerd\u0259 ya g\u0259r\u0259k qeyri \u0259kin \u0259k\u0259s\u0259n, ya k\u00fcnc\u00fcd\u0259 laz\u0131m olan \u015feyl\u0259ri o yer\u0259 qar\u0131\u015fd\u0131r\u0131b sonra k\u00fcnc\u00fcd \u0259k\u0259s\u0259n ki, k\u00fcnc\u00fcd gen\u0259 yax\u015f\u0131 b\u0259hr\u0259 versin\u201d.<\/p>\n

Z\u0259rdabi mexaniki t\u0259rkib\u0259 g\u00f6r\u0259, qumu \u00e7ox olan torpa\u011f\u0131 qumlu, \u0259h\u0259ngi-karbonatl\u0131 birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259ri \u00e7ox olan torpaqlar\u0131 \u0259h\u0259ngli, gili \u00e7ox olan torpaqlar\u0131 is\u0259 gilli\u00a0 torpaqlar adland\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi torpaq \u0259m\u0259l\u0259g\u0259lm\u0259 prosesi il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar \u201cTorpaq, su v\u0259 hava\u201d \u0259s\u0259rind\u0259 da\u011f s\u00fcxurlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131, torpaq \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tir\u0259n amill\u0259r bar\u0259d\u0259 m\u00fclahiz\u0259l\u0259rinin, t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259rinin elmi \u0259saslarla \u015f\u0259rhini vermi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

O, torpaq\u0259m\u0259l\u0259g\u0259tir\u0259n s\u00fcxurlardan yaranan torpa\u011f\u0131n mineral hiss\u0259sini, y\u0259ni qum, gil v\u0259 \u0259h\u0259ng kimi karbonatl\u0131 birl\u0259\u015fm\u0259l\u0259ri \u0259kin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yararl\u0131 torpaqlar qrupuna daxil etmi\u015fdir. Bununla yana\u015f\u0131, qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259yin bu sah\u0259d\u0259 elmi irsini d\u0259rind\u0259n t\u0259dqiq etdikd\u0259 m\u0259lum olur ki, dahi alim o d\u00f6vrd\u0259 \u0259kin\u0259 yararl\u0131 olan yaln\u0131z bu torpaqlar haqda deyil, eyni zamanda, qara torpaq adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 torpaqlar haqda da fikir s\u00f6yl\u0259mi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Misal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn, \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zetinin 18 avqust 1887-ci il tarixli on yeddinci say\u0131nda qara torpaq adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0259kin sah\u0259si bar\u0259d\u0259 yaz\u0131r: \u201cQaratorpaq \u0259kin yerind\u0259, h\u0259m\u00e7inin ba\u011f, bostan yerind\u0259 nazik q\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 qurd olur ki, ona suvalcan (soxulcan) deyirl\u0259r. Bu qurd ya\u011f\u0131\u015fdan sonra yerin alt\u0131ndan \u00fcz\u00fcn\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xd\u0131\u011f\u0131na ona ya\u011f\u0131\u015f qurdu da deyirl\u0259r. Bir yerd\u0259 bu qurd \u00e7ox olanda adam el\u0259 bilir ki, o, \u0259kin\u0259 z\u0259r\u0259r ed\u0259r, amma indi t\u0259cr\u00fcb\u0259 olunub ki, onun \u0259kin\u0259 n\u0259fi \u00e7oxdur. Bu qurd yer alt\u0131nda bir ar\u015f\u0131n d\u0259rinlikd\u0259 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u0259 d\u0259m\u0259k qay\u0131r\u0131r. Bu d\u0259m\u0259kl\u0259rin i\u00e7i onun n\u0259cisind\u0259n q\u00fcvv\u0259tl\u0259nir v\u0259 bu d\u0259m\u0259kl\u0259r\u0259 \u0259kinin k\u00f6k\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u0259nd\u0259 \u00e7ox d\u0259rin\u0259 gedir. Bel\u0259 d\u0259 \u0259kin d\u0259xi yax\u015f\u0131 \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lir\u201d.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi torpaq t\u0259dqiqat\u0131 v\u0259 laboratoriya analizl\u0259rinin n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259rin\u0259 \u0259saslanaraq, torpaqlar\u0131n keyfiyy\u0259t x\u00fcsusiyy\u0259tl\u0259rinin \u015f\u0259rhini m\u00fcf\u0259ss\u0259l \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 vermi\u015fdir. \u201c… h\u0259r bir \u0259kin yerinin hiss\u0259l\u0259rini bilm\u0259k olur v\u0259 \u0259kin yerinin xasiyy\u0259ti onun hiss\u0259l\u0259ri il\u0259dir\u201d dey\u0259n Z\u0259rdabi \u0259kin sah\u0259l\u0259rinin xarakterik n\u00f6qt\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n torpaq n\u00fcmun\u0259l\u0259ri g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f v\u0259 g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259rini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etmi\u015fdir, onun x\u00fcsusi \u00e7\u0259kisini, mexaniki t\u0259rkibini, burada onun b\u0259zi su-fiziki-kimy\u0259vi xass\u0259l\u0259rinin g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259rini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259nl\u0259\u015fdirmi\u015fdir. Torpaqda karbonatlar\u0131n, r\u00fctub\u0259tin miqdar\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259yin etmi\u015f, 100 qram torpaqda suyun, humusun, gilin, \u0259h\u0259ngin, qumun miqdar\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etmi\u015f v\u0259 mahiyy\u0259tini a\u00e7\u0131qlam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlarla H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi torpaqdan tam s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li, dol\u011fun \u015f\u0259kild\u0259 istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k, onun m\u00fcnbitliyinin, m\u0259hsuldarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 \u0259kin\u00e7ilik m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin y\u00fcks\u0259ldilm\u0259si sah\u0259sind\u0259 misilsiz xidm\u0259tl\u0259r g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015f, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc torpaq\u015f\u00fcnasl\u0131q v\u0259 aqrokimya elml\u0259rinin inki\u015faf\u0131na t\u0259kan vermi\u015fdir. Eyni zamanda, torpaqlar haqq\u0131nda, onlar\u0131n m\u00fcnbitliyinin b\u0259rpas\u0131, m\u00fchafiz\u0259si, me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin qorunmas\u0131, yeni me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin sal\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131, torpaqlar\u0131n rekultivasiyas\u0131n\u0131 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 etmi\u015f v\u0259 ekoloji durumun t\u0259nziml\u0259nm\u0259si yollar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabinin Az\u0259rbaycanda torpaq eroziyas\u0131 prosesi v\u0259 onu \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tir\u0259n amill\u0259r, onunla m\u00fcbariz\u0259 t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri i\u015finin t\u0259\u015fkilind\u0259 yerqurulu\u015fu t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri sisteminin t\u0259tbiqi bar\u0259d\u0259 d\u0259y\u0259rli elmi-t\u0259cr\u00fcbi i\u015fl\u0259ri indiy\u0259d\u0259k kifay\u0259t q\u0259d\u0259r t\u0259dqiq edilm\u0259mi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

H.Z\u0259rdabi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n f\u0259lak\u0259tli hadis\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259n biri olan torpaq eroziyas\u0131ndan, x\u00fcsusil\u0259, Ab\u015feronda v\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n dig\u0259r zonalar\u0131nda k\u00fcl\u0259k eroziyas\u0131n\u0131n s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rind\u0259n v\u0259 onun qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq t\u0259dbirl\u0259rind\u0259n \u0259trafl\u0131 b\u0259hs etmi\u015fdir (\u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zeti, 1875-ci il, \u2116 1,4; 1876-c\u0131 il, \u2116 26, \u201cKaspi\u201d q\u0259zeti, 1899, \u2116\u00a0 172 v\u0259 s.). Ab\u015feronda k\u00fcl\u0259k eroziyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259kinl\u0259ri m\u0259hv etm\u0259sinin qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn bitkil\u0259ri \u201cx\u0259nd\u0259k i\u00e7ind\u0259 \u0259km\u0259k\u201d qaydalar\u0131na q\u0259ti etiraz ed\u0259r\u0259k g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, \u0259kin yerinin \u0259traf\u0131nda a\u011fac v\u0259 dig\u0259r bitkil\u0259r \u0259km\u0259k daha \u0259lveri\u015flidir. Bununla \u0259laq\u0259dar olaraq, Z\u0259rdabi yaz\u0131r: \u201c\u018flb\u0259tt\u0259, bizim x\u0259zri k\u00fcl\u0259yimiz v\u0259 susuzluq t\u0259z\u0259 \u0259kilmi\u015f a\u011faclar\u0131 qurudub t\u0259l\u0259f edir. Amma insan elm s\u0259b\u0259bi il\u0259 sahibid\u00fcnya oldu\u011funa n\u0259 ki, x\u0259zriy\u0259 v\u0259 susuzlu\u011fa, b\u0259lk\u0259 h\u0259r bir \u015fey\u0259 \u0259lac tapar\u201d. Lakin Z\u0259rdabinin bu qiym\u0259tli t\u0259\u015f\u0259bb\u00fcs\u00fcn\u0259 uzun ill\u0259r s\u0259s ver\u0259n olmam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Yaln\u0131z XX \u0259srin ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan etibar\u0259n Ab\u015feronun m\u00fcxt\u0259lif yerl\u0259rind\u0259 yarad\u0131lan ya\u015f\u0131ll\u0131qlar Z\u0259rdabinin elmi t\u0259dbirl\u0259rinin d\u00fczg\u00fcnl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcbut etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycanda, x\u00fcsusil\u0259, Ab\u015feron yar\u0131madas\u0131nda k\u00fcl\u0259kl\u0259rin olmas\u0131, onlar\u0131n vurdu\u011fu ziyanlar haqda tarixi \u0259d\u0259biyyatda x\u0131rda m\u0259lumatlar olmu\u015fdur. Lakin k\u00fcl\u0259k eroziyas\u0131 v\u0259 ona qar\u015f\u0131 elmi \u0259saslarla m\u00fcbariz\u0259 t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri ilk d\u0259f\u0259 H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n ictimaiyy\u0259t\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. K\u00fcl\u0259kl\u0259r vasit\u0259sil\u0259 qum v\u0259 torpa\u011f\u0131n sovrulmas\u0131 yar\u0131madada xalq t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat\u0131na b\u00f6y\u00fck ziyanlar vurur. Qumlar d\u0259mir v\u0259 \u015fose yollar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rt\u00fcr, evl\u0259rin v\u0259 tikilil\u0259rin \u0259traf\u0131nda toplan\u0131r, relyefi d\u0259yi\u015fir. Torpa\u011f\u0131n m\u00fcnbit v\u0259 qidal\u0131 hiss\u0259si sovrulur. K\u00fcl\u0259kl\u0259r sahild\u0259 olan duz hiss\u0259cikl\u0259rini \u0259trafa yay\u0131r, torpaqlar\u0131n duz balans\u0131n\u0131 pozur, toz v\u0259 duz qal\u0131qlar\u0131n\u0131 \u0259traflara yayaraq ekoloji tarazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 pozur, texnogen \u00e7irkl\u0259nm\u0259 \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tirir. H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u0259r\u0259k m\u00fcbariz\u0259 t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri, o c\u00fcml\u0259d\u0259n fitomeliorasiya, x\u00fcsusil\u0259, me\u015f\u0259 meliorasiya t\u0259dbirl\u0259rini t\u0259tbiq etm\u0259yin z\u0259ruriliyini g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir. O hakim k\u00fcl\u0259kl\u0259r\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 me\u015f\u0259 zolaqlar\u0131n\u0131n v\u0259 ba\u015fqa bitkil\u0259rin \u0259kilm\u0259sini m\u0259qs\u0259d\u0259uy\u011fun hesab etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Az\u0259rbaycanda eroziya hadis\u0259sin\u0259 qar\u015f\u0131 planl\u0131 v\u0259 \u0259sasl\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 h\u0259l\u0259 XX \u0259srin ortalar\u0131nda elmi t\u0259dqiqat eroziya b\u00f6lm\u0259sinin yaranmas\u0131ndan sonra h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

H.Z\u0259rdabi Ab\u015ferondak\u0131 k\u00fcl\u0259k eroziyas\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 almaq m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 torpa\u011f\u0131n eroziyadan m\u00fchafiz\u0259 olunmas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yerli \u015f\u0259raitd\u0259 inki\u015faf ed\u0259n ot bitkil\u0259rind\u0259n d\u0259 istifad\u0259 etm\u0259yi t\u0259klif etmi\u015fdir. \u201cBizim uyezdin qumustan\u0131nda t\u0259kd\u0259bir \u0259l\u0259fiyyatlar var. Onlar \u00f6zba\u015f\u0131na h\u0259r il \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lirl\u0259r. Bu otlar bizim x\u0259zriy\u0259 v\u0259 susuzlu\u011fa v\u0259rdi\u015f edibl\u0259r. Ona bina\u0259n x\u0259nd\u0259k qazmaqdan o otlardan \u0259kin hasar \u00e7\u0259km\u0259k yax\u015f\u0131d\u0131r\u201d.<\/p>\n

Z\u0259rdabi bel\u0259 ot v\u0259 kol bitkil\u0259rini \u0259km\u0259k v\u0259 k\u00fcl\u0259kd\u0259n m\u00fchafiz\u0259 edib b\u00f6y\u00fctm\u0259k yollar\u0131n\u0131 aqrotexniki qaydada g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir. Daha sonra Z\u0259rdabi yaz\u0131r: \u201c… otlar bina tutandan sonra onlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda bizim qumustanda p\u0259rv\u0259ri\u015f tapan incir, nar, tut, s\u00f6y\u00fcd v\u0259 qeyri a\u011faclar\u0131 \u0259k\u0259nd\u0259 otlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda o a\u011faclar h\u0259m\u00e7inin bina tutar …onlar\u0131 bitir\u0259nd\u0259n sonra… k\u00f6lg\u0259sind\u0259 t\u0259z\u0259 a\u011faclar \u0259km\u0259k il\u0259 tamam Badkub\u0259 uyezdind\u0259 ba\u011fat el\u0259m\u0259k olar\u201d.<\/p>\n

H.Z\u0259rdabi Az\u0259rbaycan\u0131n dig\u0259r yerl\u0259rind\u0259, x\u00fcsusil\u0259, d\u00fcz\u0259nlik rayonlar\u0131nda k\u00fcl\u0259kl\u0259rin t\u00f6r\u0259tdiyi eroziya prosesini k\u0259d\u0259rl\u0259 t\u0259svir edir. O, bunun s\u0259b\u0259bini haql\u0131 olaraq, me\u015f\u0259 sah\u0259l\u0259rinin azalmas\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fc. Z\u0259rdabi 1899-cu ild\u0259 \u201cKaspi\u201d q\u0259zetind\u0259 d\u0259rc etdirdiyi \u201cZaqafqaziya bozq\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n me\u015f\u0259l\u0259\u015fdirilm\u0259si\u201d m\u0259qal\u0259sind\u0259 yaz\u0131rd\u0131: \u201cMe\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin v\u0259 dig\u0259r a\u011faclar\u0131n sah\u0259sinin azalmas\u0131 il\u0259 dem\u0259k olar ki, b\u00fct\u00fcn il boyu torpa\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rt\u0259n otlar yaln\u0131z ilin m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n q\u0131sa m\u00fcdd\u0259tind\u0259 olur, dig\u0259r vaxtlarda is\u0259 torpaq \u00e7\u0131lpaq qal\u0131r, quruyur. Torpaqlar is\u0259 h\u0259r yerd\u0259 eyni deyildir: bir yerd\u0259 qumlu, dig\u0259r yerd\u0259 gilli v\u0259 s. olur, k\u00fcl\u0259k is\u0259 bir-biri il\u0259 z\u0259if birl\u0259\u015fmi\u015f torpaq hiss\u0259l\u0259rini havaya qald\u0131r\u0131r, bel\u0259likl\u0259, torpa\u011f\u0131n s\u0259thi d\u0259yi\u015filir, yar\u011fanlar \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lir, havaya qalxm\u0131\u015f gillic\u0259li qum is\u0259 b\u0259rk cisiml\u0259rin \u0259traf\u0131nda t\u0259p\u0259cikl\u0259r \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tir\u0259r\u0259k qon\u015fu tarlalara h\u00fccum edir v\u0259 ya\u015fay\u0131\u015fla \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn m\u00fcbariz\u0259si ba\u015flay\u0131r. Ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f g\u00fccl\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn qeyri-b\u0259rab\u0259r m\u00fcbariz\u0259d\u0259 m\u0259hv olur, \u00f6l\u00fcm is\u0259 \u00f6z amans\u0131z \u0259lini daha uzaqlara uzadaraq \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck t\u0259l\u0259fatlar verir. Bel\u0259 bir ac\u0131nacaql\u0131 hadis\u0259 art\u0131q yaln\u0131z Rusiya quberniyalar\u0131nda deyil, bizd\u0259, Zaqafqaziyada da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r v\u0259 bu amans\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa qar\u015f\u0131 az \u0259m\u0259k v\u0259 v\u0259sait s\u0259rf edilmir\u201d.<\/p>\n

H.Z\u0259rdabi k\u00fcl\u0259k eroziyas\u0131 il\u0259 b\u0259rab\u0259r su eroziyas\u0131ndan da b\u0259hs edir. Lakin onun sonuncuya aid olan fikirl\u0259rini eroziya prosesind\u0259n b\u0259hs ed\u0259n \u0259s\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259 deyil, \u00e7ay v\u0259 sel sular\u0131n\u0131n g\u0259tirdiyi a\u015f\u0131nma materiallar\u0131ndan b\u0259hs edil\u0259n yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda oxumaq olar. O, \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zetinin 1875-ci il 1-ci v\u0259 1876-c\u0131 il 21-ci saylar\u0131nda bu m\u0259s\u0259l\u0259d\u0259n \u0259trafl\u0131 b\u0259hs etmi\u015fdir, h\u0259m d\u0259 bu fikir sell\u0259rin g\u0259tirdiyi a\u015f\u0131nma materiallar\u0131ndan lill\u0259rd\u0259n g\u00fcbr\u0259 kimi istifad\u0259 etm\u0259k m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 s\u00f6yl\u0259nmi\u015fdir. Z\u0259rdabinin \u201cs\u0259thi su v\u0259 ya sell\u0259r g\u0259l\u0259nd\u0259 x\u0131rda da\u015flar\u0131, y\u0259ni torpa\u011f\u0131 apard\u0131qda lilli olur…\u201d fikri torpa\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst qat\u0131n\u0131n niy\u0259 eroziyaya u\u011framasn\u0131 izah edir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi sell\u0259r haqda d\u0259f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 \u00f6z m\u0259qal\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 dan\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Qeyd etm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r ki, sell\u0259r \u0259sas\u0259n, da\u011f zonas\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fc pozulmu\u015f da\u011f otlaqlar\u0131nda formala\u015f\u0131r, bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fc da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yamaclarda g\u00fccl\u00fc ax\u0131n \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259tir\u0259r\u0259k \u0259kinl\u0259ri, heyvan yataqlar\u0131n\u0131, yol v\u0259 k\u00f6rp\u00fcl\u0259ri, evl\u0259ri, \u00fcmumiyy\u0259tl\u0259, infrastrukturu da\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar insan v\u0259 heyvan t\u0259l\u0259fat\u0131 il\u0259 n\u0259tic\u0259l\u0259nir. Sell\u0259rin vurdu\u011fu ziyanlar\u0131 \u00f6z yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda i\u015f\u0131qland\u0131raraq onlara qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 t\u0259dbirl\u0259rinin t\u0259tbiqini z\u0259ruri say\u0131rd\u0131. O, x\u00fcsusil\u0259, me\u015f\u0259 meliorasiya t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin\u0259 b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t verirdi. H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi h\u0259m d\u0259 irriqasiya eroziyas\u0131ndan dan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. O, respublikan\u0131n d\u00fcz\u0259n \u0259kin\u00e7ilik zonas\u0131nda suvarman\u0131n d\u00fczg\u00fcn apar\u0131lmamas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 torpaqlar\u0131n yuyulub da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n 130 il bundan \u00f6nc\u0259 s\u00f6yl\u0259nil\u0259n v\u0259 elmi \u0259saslara s\u00f6yk\u0259n\u0259n t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259ri bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck aktuall\u0131q k\u0259sb edir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zetinin 3 mart 1877-ci il tarixli 5-ci say\u0131nda yaz\u0131r ki, \u201c\u018fkin yeri sulan\u0131r is\u0259 g\u0259r\u0259k onu duzlayasan v\u0259 su g\u0259l\u0259n t\u0259r\u0259fini bir az h\u00fcnd\u00fcr ed\u0259s\u0259n ki, su axs\u0131n. Bizl\u0259rd\u0259 yeri suya basd\u0131r\u0131rlar, amma bel\u0259d\u0259 yerin bir t\u0259r\u0259fin\u0259 az v\u0259 bir t\u0259r\u0259fin\u0259 \u00e7ox duz d\u0259yir v\u0259 bir d\u0259 bel\u0259d\u0259 su axan zaman torpa\u011f\u0131 apard\u0131\u011f\u0131na yeri nahamar edir, \u0259kin\u0259 laz\u0131m olan \u015feyl\u0259ri apar\u0131b ol yerin aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 q\u00fcvv\u0259tli edir, amma ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 q\u00fcvv\u0259td\u0259n sal\u0131r. Ona bina\u0259n bir yeri d\u00fc\u015f\u0259nd\u0259 bir suya basd\u0131rmaq olur ki, onun z\u0259hm\u0259ti azd\u0131r, amma h\u0259mi\u015f\u0259 basd\u0131rmaq olmaz.<\/p>\n

Qeyri vilay\u0259tl\u0259rd\u0259 bir ne\u00e7\u0259 t\u00f6vr il\u0259 \u0259kini sulay\u0131rlar. \u018fzon c\u00fcml\u0259 su g\u0259l\u0259n t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n 10-15 sajen bir-birind\u0259n aral\u0131 kotan il\u0259 arxlar qay\u0131r\u0131rlar ki, onlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131, y\u0259ni su g\u0259l\u0259n t\u0259r\u0259fi d\u0259rin v\u0259 \u0259ya\u011f\u0131, y\u0259ni \u0259kin yerin\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xan ucu dayaz olur. Bu aralara bird\u0259n suyu buraxanda gedib onlar\u0131n kotan il\u0259 k\u00f6nd\u0259l\u0259n ki\u00e7ik arxlar qay\u0131r\u0131b (bir-birind\u0259n 3-4 ar\u015f\u0131n aral\u0131), onlar\u0131 su il\u0259 doldururlar. Bel\u0259d\u0259 su arxlardan \u00e7\u0131xmay\u0131b yerin alt\u0131 il\u0259 gedib \u0259kini sulay\u0131r\u201d.<\/p>\n

O d\u00f6vrd\u0259 H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y \u0259kin yerind\u0259n s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li istifad\u0259 olunmas\u0131nda, su eroziyas\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131nda yerin relyefin\u0259, qurulu\u015funa fikir verm\u0259yi t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edirdi ki, su bir yerd\u0259 y\u0131\u011f\u0131l\u0131b qalmas\u0131n v\u0259 relyefd\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq, torpa\u011f\u0131n t\u0259rkibind\u0259 olan qida madd\u0259l\u0259rini yuyub aparmas\u0131n, \u0259kin sah\u0259l\u0259rinin bir hiss\u0259si m\u0259hsuldar, dig\u0259r hiss\u0259si qeyri-m\u0259hsuldar olmas\u0131n.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi o d\u00f6vrd\u0259 elmi fikirl\u0259ri il\u0259 torpa\u011f\u0131n relyefind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq, suvarma eroziyas\u0131 n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 torpa\u011f\u0131n nar\u0131n hiss\u0259cikl\u0259rinin, torpa\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst m\u00fcnbit qat\u0131n\u0131n yuyulub apar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, torpa\u011f\u0131n su-fiziki xass\u0259l\u0259rinin v\u0259 torpa\u011f\u0131n m\u00fcnbitliyinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259sini a\u00e7\u0131qlam\u0131\u015fd\u0131r.<\/p>\n

O g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, \u0259kin sah\u0259l\u0259rinin suvar\u0131lmas\u0131nda suyun normadan art\u0131q v\u0259 sell\u0259m\u0259 \u00fcsulu il\u0259 sah\u0259y\u0259 verilm\u0259si zaman\u0131 suyun bir hiss\u0259si torpa\u011fa hopur, qalan\u0131 is\u0259 yamac uzunu axaraq torpa\u011f\u0131 yuyur v\u0259 suvarma eroziyas\u0131 yarad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u00fcr\u0259kk\u0259b relyef qurulu\u015funa malik olan \u0259kin sah\u0259l\u0259rinin suvar\u0131lmas\u0131nda eroziyaya qar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcbariz\u0259 t\u0259dbiri olaraq arxlar\u0131n m\u0259nb\u0259yi istiqam\u0259tind\u0259n d\u0259rin, \u0259kin yerin\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xan hiss\u0259sinin is\u0259 dayaz qaz\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 bu qaydada suyun t\u0259dric\u0259n ax\u0131d\u0131laraq torpa\u011f\u0131n sulanmas\u0131n\u0131 t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Dig\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259fd\u0259n, yerin relyefind\u0259n as\u0131l\u0131 olaraq, torpaq eroziyas\u0131n\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 \u0259kin sah\u0259l\u0259rinin k\u00f6nd\u0259l\u0259n istiqam\u0259tl\u0259rind\u0259 ki\u00e7ik arxlar qay\u0131r\u0131b, h\u0259min arxlara su verilm\u0259si vasit\u0259sil\u0259 torpa\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst, m\u00fcnbit-m\u0259hsuldar qat\u0131n\u0131n yuyulmamas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn yeralt\u0131 suvarma \u00fcsulunu \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zeti vasit\u0259sil\u0259 k\u0259ndlil\u0259r\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131rm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259yin bu kimi t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259ri, s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li t\u0259klifl\u0259ri suvarma \u0259kin\u00e7iliyind\u0259 t\u0259tbiq olunmaqla \u00f6z \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini itirm\u0259mi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

\u015eorla\u015fmaya m\u0259ruz qalm\u0131\u015f torpaqlar\u0131 yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131rmaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn Z\u0259rdabi bel\u0259 bir t\u0259klif ir\u0259li s\u00fcr\u00fcr: \u201cO yeri suya basd\u0131rmaq g\u0259r\u0259k ki, su duzu \u0259ridib, ax\u0131d\u0131b apars\u0131n\u201d. Torpaqlar\u0131 duzlardan yumaq \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn sah\u0259nin qabaqcadan haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na x\u00fcsusi fikir verm\u0259yi t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 etmi\u015fdir. O g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi ki, \u015forlanm\u0131\u015f \u0259kin yerini yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131ran zaman sah\u0259 d\u00fcz v\u0259 bir az meyilli olmal\u0131d\u0131r ki, torpa\u011f\u0131 suvaran zaman suyun bir yerd\u0259 dayanmay\u0131b t\u0259dric\u0259n ax\u0131b getm\u0259sin\u0259 v\u0259 duzlar\u0131 da yuyub aparmas\u0131na \u015f\u0259rait yarans\u0131n. M\u0259lumdur ki, H.Z\u0259rdabi bu kimi t\u0259klifl\u0259rin h\u0259yata ke\u00e7irilm\u0259sind\u0259 birinci n\u00f6vb\u0259d\u0259 m\u00fcvafiq yerqurulu\u015fu i\u015fl\u0259rinin apar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 z\u0259ruri hesab etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

Z\u0259rdabi g\u00f6st\u0259rir ki, torpaq eroziyas\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015fl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259, quraql\u0131\u011fa v\u0259 m\u0259hsul q\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u0259b\u0259b me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin amans\u0131zcas\u0131na m\u0259hv edilm\u0259sidir. Onun g\u00f6st\u0259rdiyi kimi, h\u0259l\u0259 ke\u00e7\u0259n \u0259srin \u0259vv\u0259ll\u0259rind\u0259 K\u00fcr \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n h\u0259r iki sahili s\u0131x me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rl\u0259 \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc idi, bu me\u015f\u0259l\u0259r \u0259traf d\u00fczl\u0259rin iqlimin\u0259 m\u00fcsb\u0259t t\u0259sir g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi. Lakin a\u011faca olan ehtiyac\u0131n artmas\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259laq\u0259dar olaraq, bu me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin xeyli hiss\u0259si m\u0259hv edilmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi \u201c\u018fkin\u00e7i\u201d q\u0259zetinin 6 noyabr 1876-c\u0131 il tarixli 21-ci say\u0131nda eroziyan\u0131n yaranmas\u0131nda, \u0259n ba\u015fl\u0131ca amill\u0259rd\u0259n biri olan suyun azalmas\u0131nda, torpaqlar\u0131n eroziyaya m\u0259ruz qalmas\u0131nda, odun bahaland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7aylar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda sakin olan k\u0259sl\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n orada olan me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin q\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, burada eroziyan\u0131n yaranmas\u0131nda insan\u0131n d\u00fczg\u00fcn olmayan t\u0259s\u0259rr\u00fcfat f\u0259aliyy\u0259tini g\u00f6st\u0259r\u0259r\u0259k yaz\u0131rd\u0131 ki, suyun olmamas\u0131na ah \u00e7\u0259km\u0259k yox, me\u015f\u0259 salmaq g\u0259r\u0259kdir ki, su arts\u0131n. T\u0259z\u0259 me\u015f\u0259 g\u0259lib me\u015f\u0259 olunca, eroziyan\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 v\u0259 su m\u0259nb\u0259yi yarad\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 yerqurulu\u015fu t\u0259dbirl\u0259ri g\u00f6rm\u0259yin, \u0259kin yerinin m\u0259hsuldarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rma\u011f\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 \u0259kin\u00e7il\u0259r\u0259 ba\u015fa sal\u0131rd\u0131. O, h\u0259l\u0259 1875-ci ild\u0259 yazm\u0131\u015fd\u0131: \u201cBizim Qafqaz vilay\u0259tinin abu havas\u0131 d\u0259yi\u015film\u0259yi m\u0259lumdur. Ke\u00e7mi\u015fd\u0259 yay\u0131m\u0131z bel\u0259 isti v\u0259 q\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z bel\u0259 soyuq olmay\u0131b. Buna \u00fcmd\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b me\u015f\u0259l\u0259r azalmaqd\u0131r\u201d.<\/p>\n

Z\u0259rdabi \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fcn sonuna q\u0259d\u0259r me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin q\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na, bunun n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 ba\u015f ver\u0259n eroziya prosesinin s\u00fcr\u0259tl\u0259nm\u0259sin\u0259, suyun azalmas\u0131na v\u0259 iqlimin quraqla\u015fmas\u0131na ac\u0131m\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Ona g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, Z\u0259rdabi bu fikrini 24 il sonra \u201cKaspi\u201d q\u0259zetind\u0259 yenid\u0259n \u015f\u0259rh etmi\u015fdir. O, B\u00f6y\u00fck Qafqaz\u0131n \u015fimal-\u015f\u0259rq yamac\u0131ndak\u0131 me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin Bak\u0131, \u015eamax\u0131 q\u0259zalar\u0131 v\u0259 Da\u011f\u0131stan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn odun v\u0259 k\u00f6m\u00fcr m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 q\u0131r\u0131l\u0131b m\u0259hv edilm\u0259sin\u0259 q\u0259ti etiraz ed\u0259r\u0259k yaz\u0131rd\u0131: \u201cBu me\u015f\u0259l\u0259rin qorunmas\u0131na qay\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6st\u0259rm\u0259k laz\u0131md\u0131r, \u0259ks t\u0259qdird\u0259, Quba q\u0259zas\u0131 susuz s\u0259hraya, yaxud daha s\u0259rf\u0259siz sulu s\u0259hraya \u00e7evril\u0259c\u0259kdir\u201d.<\/p>\n

Z\u0259rdabi mal-qara otar\u0131lan yerl\u0259rd\u0259 m\u00fcxt\u0259lif bitkil\u0259r aras\u0131nda t\u0259bii yol il\u0259 \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259n nisb\u0259tl\u0259rin pozulmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 bunun heyvandarl\u0131q \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn z\u0259r\u0259rini g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi. Z\u0259rdabi biologiyan\u0131n n\u0259z\u0259ri \u0259saslar\u0131ndan heyvandarl\u0131qda istifad\u0259 etm\u0259yin yollar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6yr\u0259dirdi. O, k\u0259ndlil\u0259r\u0259 otlaqlardan elmi \u00fcsulla istifad\u0259 etm\u0259yin \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini ba\u015fa sal\u0131rd\u0131: \u201cBunun say\u0259sind\u0259 bizim otlaqlar\u0131m\u0131zda faydal\u0131 otlar\u0131n say\u0131 getdikc\u0259 daha da azal\u0131r, haz\u0131rda dem\u0259k olar ki, tamamil\u0259 s\u00fcdd\u00f6y\u0259n v\u0259 ya dig\u0259r z\u0259r\u0259rli otlaq basm\u0131\u015f otlaqlara rast g\u0259lm\u0259k olar\u201d. Z\u0259rdabinin fikrinc\u0259, maldarl\u0131qda m\u0259hsuldarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n get-ged\u0259 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u0259sin\u0259 s\u0259b\u0259b olan amill\u0259r \u00e7oxdur. Bunlardan biri mal-qaran\u0131n art\u0131m\u0131 il\u0259 otlaqlar\u0131n sah\u0259si aras\u0131nda getdikc\u0259 artan ziddiyy\u0259tdir. \u018fhalinin h\u0259yat\u0131nda maldarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck iqtisadi rolu olmas\u0131na baxmayaraq, onun inki\u015faf\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn \u00f6lk\u0259d\u0259 \u015f\u0259rait yarad\u0131lm\u0131r. O, otlaqlarda s\u00fcni olaraq yem otlar\u0131 \u0259kilm\u0259sini t\u0259klif edirdi. Z\u0259rdabi bu otlardan yoncan\u0131n, xa\u015fan\u0131n adlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0259kirdi: Otlaqlar\u0131n s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259si \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn he\u00e7 olmazsa, bir ne\u00e7\u0259 ild\u0259n bir torpa\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evirm\u0259li, yum\u015faltmal\u0131 v\u0259 onun toz hal\u0131na ke\u00e7m\u0259sin\u0259 yol verilm\u0259m\u0259lidir: \u201c…buna g\u00f6r\u0259 d\u0259, otlaqlar\u0131 g\u00fcbr\u0259l\u0259m\u0259k, y\u0259ni h\u0259min bitkil\u0259r\u0259 laz\u0131m olan madd\u0259l\u0259ri torpa\u011fa qaytarmaq laz\u0131md\u0131r…\u201d<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi eroziya prosesl\u0259ri il\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, aqrokimy\u0259vi probleml\u0259r haqda da fikir s\u00f6yl\u0259mi\u015fdir. O, eroziya n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 deqradasiyaya u\u011fram\u0131\u015f otlaqlar\u0131n b\u0259rpas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn ba\u015fqa t\u0259dbirl\u0259rl\u0259 yana\u015f\u0131, g\u00fcbr\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259n istifad\u0259 edilm\u0259sini t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edirdi. O, g\u00f6st\u0259rirdi ki, bitkil\u0259r t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n torpaqdan ixrac olunan qida madd\u0259l\u0259rini g\u00fcbr\u0259 \u015f\u0259klind\u0259 torpa\u011fa qaytarmaq z\u0259ruridir. H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabinin h\u0259l\u0259 y\u00fcz otuz il bundan \u0259vv\u0259l s\u00f6yl\u0259diyi fikirl\u0259r bu g\u00fcn d\u0259 m\u00fcasir aqrokimya elminin \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 t\u0259\u015fkil edir. Bel\u0259likl\u0259, H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi bitkil\u0259rin qida sisteminin qurulmas\u0131n\u0131n lab\u00fcdl\u00fcy\u00fcn\u00fc t\u00f6vsiy\u0259 edirdi v\u0259 bununla \u0259laq\u0259dar proqnozlar verirdi. G\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi, v\u0259t\u0259nin bu dahi o\u011flu elmin, x\u00fcsusil\u0259, t\u0259bi\u0259t elml\u0259rinin Yer k\u00fcr\u0259sind\u0259 v\u0259 biosferd\u0259 yerini g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015f, insan c\u0259miyy\u0259tinin inki\u015faf\u0131nda onlar\u0131n rolunu \u00fcz\u0259 \u00e7\u0131xarm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Eyni zamanda, H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi h\u0259m d\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanda aqrokimya elminin banisi olmu\u015f v\u0259 onun \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini xalq aras\u0131nda t\u0259bli\u011f etmi\u015fdir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y heyvandarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131nda otlaq-bi\u00e7\u0259n\u0259kl\u0259rin \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259tini, g\u00fccl\u00fc yem bazas\u0131n\u0131n yaranmas\u0131nda onlar\u0131n rolunu g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir. O, bitkil\u0259rin n\u00f6v\u00fc, m\u0259hsuldarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, yemin keyfiyy\u0259ti haqda, otlaq v\u0259 bi\u00e7\u0259n\u0259kl\u0259rin ot durumunun yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 haqda da t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259r vermi\u015fdir. \u018fs\u0259rl\u0259rind\u0259n g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fcy\u00fc kimi, H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y h\u0259m d\u0259 geobotanikan\u0131 d\u0259rind\u0259n \u00f6yr\u0259nmi\u015fdir v\u0259 bu sah\u0259d\u0259 d\u0259 onun elmi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u0259ri diqq\u0259t\u0259layiqdir.<\/p>\n

H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y heyvandarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n inki\u015faf\u0131nda m\u00fcst\u0259sna \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t k\u0259sb ed\u0259n, t\u0259bii yem bazas\u0131 hesab olunan \u00f6r\u00fc\u015f-otlaq sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 m\u00fc\u015fahid\u0259l\u0259r-t\u0259dqiqatlar aparmaqla h\u0259l\u0259 o zaman otlaqlar\u0131n bitki al\u0259min\u0259, botaniki t\u0259rkibin\u0259, m\u0259hsuldarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na v\u0259 m\u0259hsulun keyfiyy\u0259t g\u00f6st\u0259ricil\u0259rin\u0259 eroziya prosesinin t\u0259sirini m\u00fc\u0259yy\u0259n etmi\u015f, antropogen amill\u0259rin otlaq eroziyas\u0131n\u0131n \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259lm\u0259sin\u0259 t\u0259sirini, mal-qaran\u0131n sistemsiz v\u0259 normadan art\u0131q otar\u0131lmas\u0131, torpaqqoruyucu yerqurulu\u015fu t\u0259dbirl\u0259rinin t\u0259tbiq edilm\u0259m\u0259si n\u0259tic\u0259sind\u0259 otlaq eroziyas\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f yay\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0259b\u0259bl\u0259rini, t\u0259bii yem sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 bitkil\u0259rin botaniki t\u0259rkibind\u0259 d\u0259yi\u015fiklik \u0259m\u0259l\u0259 g\u0259l\u0259r\u0259k \u015firin, \u015fir\u0259li, qidal\u0131 (faydal\u0131) bitkil\u0259rin quru, tikanl\u0131, z\u0259h\u0259rli, alaq otlar\u0131 il\u0259 \u0259v\u0259z olundu\u011funu g\u00f6st\u0259rmi\u015fdir. Otlaqlardan s\u0259m\u0259r\u0259li istifad\u0259 olunmas\u0131n\u0131 v\u0259 onlar\u0131n yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 elmi \u0259saslarla \u0259haliy\u0259 ba\u015fa salm\u0131\u015fd\u0131r. Bel\u0259 ki, otlaqlarda z\u0259h\u0259rli v\u0259 ziyanl\u0131 bitkil\u0259rin m\u0259hv edilm\u0259si, yem bitkil\u0259rinin toxumunun s\u0259pilm\u0259si v\u0259 sah\u0259l\u0259rd\u0259 yax\u015f\u0131la\u015fd\u0131rma m\u0259qs\u0259dil\u0259 aqrotexniki t\u0259dbirl\u0259rin apar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, g\u00fcbr\u0259l\u0259m\u0259 t\u0259tbiq olunmas\u0131 v\u0259 sair t\u00f6vsiy\u0259l\u0259ri \u00f6r\u00fc\u015f-otlaq sah\u0259l\u0259rind\u0259 t\u0259bii v\u0259 antropogen amill\u0259rin t\u0259sirind\u0259n ba\u015f ver\u0259n eroziyan\u0131n qar\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131nda b\u00f6y\u00fck \u0259h\u0259miyy\u0259t k\u0259sb edir.<\/p>\n

He\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcbh\u0259 etmirik ki, H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabinin h\u0259yat\u0131 v\u0259 yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, elmi irsi m\u00fcst\u0259qil respublikam\u0131z\u0131n alim v\u0259 ziyal\u0131lar\u0131 t\u0259r\u0259find\u0259n bundan sonra daha da d\u0259rind\u0259n, diqq\u0259tl\u0259 \u00f6yr\u0259nil\u0259c\u0259k, onun kimliyi v\u0259 g\u00f6rd\u00fcy\u00fc \u00e7ox b\u00f6y\u00fck i\u015fl\u0259r d\u00fcnya ictimaiyy\u0259tinin diqq\u0259tin\u0259 \u00e7atd\u0131r\u0131lacaq v\u0259 bu dahi \u015f\u0259xsiyy\u0259tin arzular\u0131,amallar\u0131, elmi bilikl\u0259ri daima ya\u015fayacaqd\u0131r.
\n<\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259yin v\u0259 eyni […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":{"0":"post-13271","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-kinci-zrdab-ziyali-qzet-tbitsunas"},"yoast_head":"\nH\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi Az\u0259rbaycanda aqrar elml\u0259rin banisidir - Z\u0259rdab.com<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.zerdab.com\/?p=13271\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"az_AZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi Az\u0259rbaycanda aqrar elml\u0259rin banisidir - Z\u0259rdab.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi Az\u0259rbaycanda aqrar elml\u0259rin banisi, \u0259kin\u00e7ilik m\u0259d\u0259niyy\u0259tinin yarad\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r Dahi m\u00fct\u0259f\u0259kkir, \u00e7oxsah\u0259li v\u0259 \u00e7ox\u015fax\u0259li elmi bilik sahibi olmu\u015f H\u0259s\u0259n b\u0259y Z\u0259rdabi yarad\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6vr\u00fcnd\u0259 Az\u0259rbaycanda bir \u00e7ox elml\u0259rin \u0259sas\u0131n\u0131 qoymu\u015fdur. 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